PMC

SHIP negatively regulates MC maturation, but positively regulates IgE-induced BMMC survival. SHIP^+/+ and SHIP^−/− CTMC, MMC, and BMMC cultures were initiated, as described in Materials and Methods, and (A) their maturity was assessed by surface expression of c-kit and FcεR1α. Cells that were doubly positive were considered mature. (B) Proliferation was assessed by counting trypan blue excluding cells. Shown is the absolute cell number divided by the starting number of cells at week 0. (A and B) SHIP ^+/+ MCs = ▲ with solid lines; SHIP^−/− MCs = △ with dashed lines. (C) SHIP^+/+ and SHIP^−/− MC subsets were incubated in 0.1% BSA medium (SHIP^+/+ = ▲; SHIP^−/− = △, solid lines) or +5 μg/ml SPE-7 IgE (SHIP^+/+ = #x025BC;; SHIP^−/− = ▽, dashed lines), and viable cells were counted. Values are the mean ± SD from two independent experiments in triplicate. Significant differences (p < 0.05) are indicated (*).

In Profile 1 (gray), A a crewed transit ship is launched directly from the surface of Earth and B lands on the surface of Mars where C the crew assembles the cargo in habitat and carries out D surface operations until E the crew launches from their initial transit ship from the surface of Mars into space and F lands back on the surface of Earth. In Profile 2 (purple), A cargo transit ships without crew are launched directly from the surface of Earth and B land on the surface of Mars where cargo can be unloaded. In the case of reusable rocket systems, C the cargo rockets can be launched from Mars and returned to Earth. Once all the cargo has been loaded onto the surface of Mars, D a crewed transit ship is launched directly from the surface of Earth and E lands on the surface of Mars where F the crew assembles the cargo in habitat and carries out G surface operations until H the crew launches from their initial transit ship from the surface of Mars into space and I lands back on the surface of Earth. In Profile 3 (green), a number of A cargo transit ships without crew are launched directly from the surface of Earth and either B supply a previously interplanetary rocket then C return to the surface of Earth or D travel to the surface of Mars where E cargo can be unloaded. In the case of reusable rocket systems, F the cargo rockets can be launched from Mars and returned to Earth. Once all the cargo has been loaded on the surface of Mars, G a crewed transit ship is launched directly from the surface of Earth to Earth Orbit H where it rendezvous with an interplanetary rocket which I travels to Martian orbit. The crew J then boards a descent vehicle and lands on the surface of Mars where K the crew assembles the cargo in habitat and carries out L surface operations until M the crew launches from their initial transit ship from the surface of Mars into N Martian orbit where they again rendezvous with their interplanetary rocket which travels to O Earth orbit at which point they board a descent rocket in which they P finally return to the surface of Earth.

Defects of ship surface welding quality: (a) bulk defects; (b) surface defects; (c) linear defects.

Example numerical results of the simulated ship plume dispersion of ship event J_20100811 using the EPISODE-CityChem model. Larger panel: the shape of the 3-D ship plume within a subset of the model grid. Inserted smaller panel in the upper-left-hand corner: the view of the same ship plume as seen upwards from below the ground surface. Colored contours at the surface indicate the modeled hourly mean concentration of NO_X (μg·m⁻³) in the ship plume. Blue lines illustrate the Eulerian 3-D model grid structure.